Keywords
smoking
tobacco graphic novels
comic books
noir
DC
Marvel
tobacco graphic novels
comic books
noir
DC
Marvel
How to Cite
1.
Houghton D, Houghton F. Peering through the smoke: tobacco and smoking representation in Marvel and DC Noir comic books/ graphic novels. mir [Internet]. 1Feb.2025 [cited 15Jul.2025];31(123):62-9. Available from: https://interrev.com/mir/index.php/mir/article/view/242
Abstract
Tobacco remains a leading cause of global mortality and morbidity. Although the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) has helped to curtail advertising in many countries, the portrayal of smoking in the media is still a concern. Previous research has highlighted high levels of smoking depictions in noir comic books/ graphic novels. This research sought to explore the level of smoking portrayals in noir comic books/ graphic novels from the world’s two largest publishers of such texts, Marvel and DC. This research also sought to explore differences in the rate of smoking portrayals between these publishers given that the Editor-In-Chief of Marvel has openly stated he was largely ending smoking portrayals in Marvel comic books/ graphic novels. Analysis revealed that Marvel noir comic books/ graphic novels featured few images of smoking compared to noir DC publications. This difference was statistically significant. This research suggests that key stakeholders can be highly influential in tobacco control. It also suggests that Public Health and Tobacco Control advocates should seek out and try to work proactively with the media.
References
GBD 2015 Tobacco Collaborators et al. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2017; 389(10082): 1885-1906.
GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators (2021). Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 397(10292): 2337–2360.
WHO. Tobacco Key Facts. 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco#:~:text=Tobacco%20kills%20more%20than%208,%2D%20and%20middle%2Dincome%20countries.
WHO. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). https://fctc.who.int/
King C, Siegel M. The Master Settlement Agreement with the tobacco industry and cigarette advertising in magazines. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345(7):504–511. doi: 10.1056/nejmsa003149.
Hamilton WL, Turner-Bowker DM, Celebucki CC, Connolly GN. Cigarette advertising in magazines: the tobacco industry response to the Master Settlement Agreement and to public pressure. Tob Control. 2002; 11(suppl 2): ii54–ii58. doi: 10.1136/tc.11.suppl_2.ii54.
Krupka LR, Vener AM, Richmond G. Tobacco advertising in gender-oriented popular magazines. Journal of Drug Education. 1990; 20(1): 15–29.. doi: 10.2190/6bww-rg2b-cv80-xyxn.
Pucci LG, Siegel M. Exposure to brand-specific cigarette advertising in magazines and its impact on youth smoking. Prev Med. 1999; 29(5): 313–320. doi: 10.1006/pmed.1999.0554.
Kasujee N, Britton J, Cranwell J, Lyons A, Bains M. Portrayal of tobacco smoking in popular women's magazines: a content analysis. J Public Health. 2017; 39(3): 427–428.. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdw104.
Lum KL, Polansky JR, Jackler RK, Glantz SA. Signed, sealed and delivered: “big tobacco” in Hollywood, 1927–1951. Tob Control. 2008;17(5): 313–323.
Tickle JJ, Sargent JD, Dalton MA, Beach ML, Heatherton TF. Favourite movie stars, their tobacco use in contemporary movies, and its association with adolescent smoking. Tob Control. 2001; 10(1): 16–22.
Chapman S, Davis RM. Smoking in movies: is it a problem? Tob Control. 1997; 6(4): 269–271. doi: 10.1136/tc.6.4.269.
Sargent JD. Smoking in movies: impact on adolescent smoking. Adolesc Med Clin. 2005; 16(2): 345–370. doi: 10.1016/j.admecli.2005.02.003.
Sargent JD, Hanewinkel R. Impact of media, movies and TV on tobacco use in the youth. In R. Loddenkemper & M. Kreuter (Eds.) The Tobacco Epidemic, pp. 171-180. Basel, Switzerland: Karger; 2015.
Charlesworth A, Glantz SA. Smoking in the movies increases adolescent smoking: a review. Pediatrics. 2005; 116(6): 1516–1528.
Magnus P. Superman and the Malboro woman. The lungs of Lois Lane. New York State Journal of Medicine. 1985; 85(7): 342–343.
Groth JM. The Cigarette, The Batman, and The Youth: a History of Tobacco Regulations and Comic Books – Part I: Introduction. ComicCritter. 2015; July. https://comiccritter.wordpress.com/2015/07/11/introduction-to-the-cigarette-the-batman-and-the-youth-a-history-of-tobacco-regulations-and-comic-books-blog-series/
Comic Vine. Got a light? https://comicvine.gamespot.com/profile/eganthevile1/lists/got-a-light/13587/
Mold, A., Elizabeth, H. Superman vs. Nick O’Teen: anti-smoking campaigns and children in 1980s Britain. Palgrave Commun. 2019; 5: 116. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0326-6
Stewart R. Graphic reading. The Bookseller. 2003; October. https://www.thebookseller.com/feature/graphic-reading. .
Le Duc D. Twenty First Century Graphic Novels. Belphegor. 2005; 5(1): 1–8.
HHH.Evans C, Gaudet F. Comic Strip Readership. Culture études. 2012; 2(2): 1–8. doi: 10.3917/cule.122.0001.
Nyberg AK. Graphic Novels and Comics in Libraries and Archives: Essays on Readers, Research, History and Cataloguing. South Orange, NJ: Seton Hall University; 2010. How Librarians Learned to Love the Graphic Novel.
Strong Hansen K. In Defense of Graphic Novels. The English Journal. 2012; 102(2): 57–63.
Leung MM, Green MC, Tate DF, Cai J, Wyka K, Ammerman AS. Fight for Your Right to Fruit: Psychosocial Outcomes of a Manga Comic Promoting Fruit Consumption in Middle-School Youth. Health Communication. 2017; 32(5): 533-540.
Leung MM, Tripicchio G, Agaronov A, Hou N. Manga comic influences snack selection in Black and Hispanic New York City youth. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavour. 2014; 46(2): 142-7.
Shimazaki T, Matsushita M, Iio M, Takenaka K. Use of health promotion manga to encourage physical activity and healthy eating in Japanese patients with metabolic syndrome: a case study. Archives of Public Health. 2018; 76(1): 26.
Wang JL, Acevedo N, Sadler GR. Using Comics to Promote Colorectal Cancer Screening in the Asian American and Pacific Islander Communities. Journal of Cancer Education. 2018; 33(6): 1263–1269.
Willis LA, Kachur R, Castellanos TJ, et al. Developing a Motion Comic for HIV/STD Prevention for Young People Ages 15-24, Part 1: Listening to Your Target Audience. Health Communication. 2018; 33(2): 212–221.
Willis LA, Kachur R, Castellanos TJ, et al. Developing a Motion Comic for HIV/STD Prevention for Young People Ages 15-24, Part 2: Evaluation of a Pilot Intervention, Health Communication. 2018; 33(3): 229–237.
Czerwiec MK, Huang MN. Hospice Comics: Representations of Patient and Family Experience of Illness and Death in Graphic Novels. Journal of Medical Humanities. 2017; 38(2): 95–113.
Wood A. Drawing disability in Japanese manga: visual politics, embodied masculinity, and wheelchair basketball in Inoue Takehiko's REAL. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry. 2013; 37(4): 638-55.
Sutherland T, Choi D, Yu C. "Brought to life through imagery" - animated graphic novels to promote empathic, patient-centred care in postgraduate medical learners. BMC Medical Education. 2021; 21(1): 66.
Babaian CS, Chalian AA. "The thyroidectomy story": comic books, graphic novels, and the novel approach to teaching head and neck surgery through the genre of the comic book. Journal of Surgical Education. 2014; 71(3): 413–418.
Montgomery M, Manuelito B, Nass C, Chock T, Buchwald D. The Native Comic Book Project: native youth making comics and healthy decisions. Journal of Cancer Education: The Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Education. 2012; 27(1 Suppl): S41–S46.
Imamura K, Kawakami N, Furukawa TA, Matsuyama Y. Shimazu A, Umanodan R, Kawakami S, Kasai K. Effects of an Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) program in Manga format on improving subthreshold depressive symptoms among healthy workers: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2014; 9(5): e97167.
Ma C, Green C, Zhao J, Egli V, Clark T, Donnellan N, Smith M. Creative and visual communication of health research: development of a graphic novel to share children’s neighbourhood perspectives of COVID-19 lockdowns in Aotearoa New Zealand. Visual Communication. 2023; 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/14703572231157042
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Zombie preparedness. Retrieved on 03/01/2023 from: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/6023
Houghton F, Del Monte K, Glessner D, Goff J, Hopkins E, Loney K, Meratnia G, Toms J. Zombie Pandemic Preparedness: a Cautionary Observation. New Zealand Medical Journal. 2016; 129: 1432.
Fraustino JD, Ma L. CDC’s use of social media and humor in a risk campaign—“Preparedness 101: Zombie Apocalypse”. Journal of Applied Communication Research. 2015; 43: 222-241.
Kruvand M, Bryant FB. Zombie apocalypse: Can the undead teach the living how to survive an emergency? Public Health Reports. 2015; 130: 655-663.
Houghton F, Hopkins E, Loney K, Luther L, Norris A, Toms J. Examination of the impact of using a zombie pandemic scenario to encourage emergency preparedness among elementary school children: the weapons issue. Washington State Journal of Public Health Practice. 2016; 9.
Houghton F, Toms J, Meratnia G, Loney K, Hopkins E, Del Monte K. Concerns with entertainment-education: Zombie pandemic preparedness and the unanticipated promotion of a weapons culture. Health Education & Behavior. 2016; 1-5.
Houghton F, Hopkins E. Zombies and weapons: examining blog responses to the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention’s (CDC) ‘Preparedness 101: Zombie pandemic’ entertainment-education initiative. Medicina Internacia Revuo. 2023; 30(121): 249-259.
Coyne SM, Callister M, Stockdale L, Coutts H, Collier KM. "Just how graphic are graphic novels?" An examination of aggression portrayals in manga and associations with aggressive behavior in adolescents. Violence Vict. 2015; 30(2): 208–224. doi: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00012.
Seko Y, Kikuchi M. Self-Injury in Japanese Manga: A Content Analysis. J Med Humanit. 2020. doi: 10.1007/s10912-019-09602-9.
Nakahara S, Ichikawa M, Wakai S. Smoking scenes in Japanese comics: a preliminary study. Tobacco Control. 2005; 14: 71.
Jimbo M. Japanese Manga and Smoking: Puffing Away. International Institute Journal. 2012; 2: 1.
Lee YH, DeJong J. Depictions of Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Contemporary Japanese Shōnen Manga: A Content Analysis. Journal of Health Communication. 2019; 24(11): 848-855.
Houghton D, Houghton F. An Examination of Portrayals of Smoking in Graphic Novels/ Comic Books: A picture is worth a thousand words. Tobacco Prevention & Cessation. 2020; 6: 41.
Hammett DS. Red Harvest. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1929.
Hammett, DS. The Dain Curse. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1929
Hammett DS. The Maltese Falcon. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1930
Hammett DS. The Thin Man. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1934.
Cain JM. The Postman Always Rings Twice. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1934.
Cain JM. Double Indemnity. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1936.
Cain JM. Mildred Pierce. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1941.
Chandler R. The Big Sleep. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1939.
Chandler R. Farewell, My Lovely. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1940.
Chandler R. The High Window. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1942.
Chandler R. The Lady in The Lake. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1943.
Chandler R. The Long Goodbye. Bloomsbury, London: Hamish Hamilton; 1953.
Bukoski A. The Noir Thriller, Studies in the Novel. 2002; 34(4): 468-470.
Wandtke T. The Dark Night Returns: The Contemporary Resurgence of Crime Comics. Rochester, New York: Rit Press; 2015.
Spicer A, Hanson H. (eds) A Companion to Film Noir. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 2013.
Bould M. Film Noir: From Berlin to Sin City. New York: Wallflower Press, Columbia University Press; 2005.
Tilley CL. The dark night returns: the contemporary resurgence of crime comics. Consumption Markets & Culture. 2016; 19(6): 603-606.
Houghton D, Houghton F. An Examination of Portrayals of Smoking in Noir/Comic Novels. Medicina Internacia Revuo. 2022; 30(119): 107-118.
Houghton D, Houghton F. Drawing it properly: An examination of smoking portrayals in texts on how to draw in the noir graphic novel/ comic book style. Medicina Internacia Revuo. 2022; 30(120): 194-209.
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WHO. Tobacco Key Facts. 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco#:~:text=Tobacco%20kills%20more%20than%208,%2D%20and%20middle%2Dincome%20countries.
WHO. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). https://fctc.who.int/
King C, Siegel M. The Master Settlement Agreement with the tobacco industry and cigarette advertising in magazines. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345(7):504–511. doi: 10.1056/nejmsa003149.
Hamilton WL, Turner-Bowker DM, Celebucki CC, Connolly GN. Cigarette advertising in magazines: the tobacco industry response to the Master Settlement Agreement and to public pressure. Tob Control. 2002; 11(suppl 2): ii54–ii58. doi: 10.1136/tc.11.suppl_2.ii54.
Krupka LR, Vener AM, Richmond G. Tobacco advertising in gender-oriented popular magazines. Journal of Drug Education. 1990; 20(1): 15–29.. doi: 10.2190/6bww-rg2b-cv80-xyxn.
Pucci LG, Siegel M. Exposure to brand-specific cigarette advertising in magazines and its impact on youth smoking. Prev Med. 1999; 29(5): 313–320. doi: 10.1006/pmed.1999.0554.
Kasujee N, Britton J, Cranwell J, Lyons A, Bains M. Portrayal of tobacco smoking in popular women's magazines: a content analysis. J Public Health. 2017; 39(3): 427–428.. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdw104.
Lum KL, Polansky JR, Jackler RK, Glantz SA. Signed, sealed and delivered: “big tobacco” in Hollywood, 1927–1951. Tob Control. 2008;17(5): 313–323.
Tickle JJ, Sargent JD, Dalton MA, Beach ML, Heatherton TF. Favourite movie stars, their tobacco use in contemporary movies, and its association with adolescent smoking. Tob Control. 2001; 10(1): 16–22.
Chapman S, Davis RM. Smoking in movies: is it a problem? Tob Control. 1997; 6(4): 269–271. doi: 10.1136/tc.6.4.269.
Sargent JD. Smoking in movies: impact on adolescent smoking. Adolesc Med Clin. 2005; 16(2): 345–370. doi: 10.1016/j.admecli.2005.02.003.
Sargent JD, Hanewinkel R. Impact of media, movies and TV on tobacco use in the youth. In R. Loddenkemper & M. Kreuter (Eds.) The Tobacco Epidemic, pp. 171-180. Basel, Switzerland: Karger; 2015.
Charlesworth A, Glantz SA. Smoking in the movies increases adolescent smoking: a review. Pediatrics. 2005; 116(6): 1516–1528.
Magnus P. Superman and the Malboro woman. The lungs of Lois Lane. New York State Journal of Medicine. 1985; 85(7): 342–343.
Groth JM. The Cigarette, The Batman, and The Youth: a History of Tobacco Regulations and Comic Books – Part I: Introduction. ComicCritter. 2015; July. https://comiccritter.wordpress.com/2015/07/11/introduction-to-the-cigarette-the-batman-and-the-youth-a-history-of-tobacco-regulations-and-comic-books-blog-series/
Comic Vine. Got a light? https://comicvine.gamespot.com/profile/eganthevile1/lists/got-a-light/13587/
Mold, A., Elizabeth, H. Superman vs. Nick O’Teen: anti-smoking campaigns and children in 1980s Britain. Palgrave Commun. 2019; 5: 116. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0326-6
Stewart R. Graphic reading. The Bookseller. 2003; October. https://www.thebookseller.com/feature/graphic-reading. .
Le Duc D. Twenty First Century Graphic Novels. Belphegor. 2005; 5(1): 1–8.
HHH.Evans C, Gaudet F. Comic Strip Readership. Culture études. 2012; 2(2): 1–8. doi: 10.3917/cule.122.0001.
Nyberg AK. Graphic Novels and Comics in Libraries and Archives: Essays on Readers, Research, History and Cataloguing. South Orange, NJ: Seton Hall University; 2010. How Librarians Learned to Love the Graphic Novel.
Strong Hansen K. In Defense of Graphic Novels. The English Journal. 2012; 102(2): 57–63.
Leung MM, Green MC, Tate DF, Cai J, Wyka K, Ammerman AS. Fight for Your Right to Fruit: Psychosocial Outcomes of a Manga Comic Promoting Fruit Consumption in Middle-School Youth. Health Communication. 2017; 32(5): 533-540.
Leung MM, Tripicchio G, Agaronov A, Hou N. Manga comic influences snack selection in Black and Hispanic New York City youth. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavour. 2014; 46(2): 142-7.
Shimazaki T, Matsushita M, Iio M, Takenaka K. Use of health promotion manga to encourage physical activity and healthy eating in Japanese patients with metabolic syndrome: a case study. Archives of Public Health. 2018; 76(1): 26.
Wang JL, Acevedo N, Sadler GR. Using Comics to Promote Colorectal Cancer Screening in the Asian American and Pacific Islander Communities. Journal of Cancer Education. 2018; 33(6): 1263–1269.
Willis LA, Kachur R, Castellanos TJ, et al. Developing a Motion Comic for HIV/STD Prevention for Young People Ages 15-24, Part 1: Listening to Your Target Audience. Health Communication. 2018; 33(2): 212–221.
Willis LA, Kachur R, Castellanos TJ, et al. Developing a Motion Comic for HIV/STD Prevention for Young People Ages 15-24, Part 2: Evaluation of a Pilot Intervention, Health Communication. 2018; 33(3): 229–237.
Czerwiec MK, Huang MN. Hospice Comics: Representations of Patient and Family Experience of Illness and Death in Graphic Novels. Journal of Medical Humanities. 2017; 38(2): 95–113.
Wood A. Drawing disability in Japanese manga: visual politics, embodied masculinity, and wheelchair basketball in Inoue Takehiko's REAL. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry. 2013; 37(4): 638-55.
Sutherland T, Choi D, Yu C. "Brought to life through imagery" - animated graphic novels to promote empathic, patient-centred care in postgraduate medical learners. BMC Medical Education. 2021; 21(1): 66.
Babaian CS, Chalian AA. "The thyroidectomy story": comic books, graphic novels, and the novel approach to teaching head and neck surgery through the genre of the comic book. Journal of Surgical Education. 2014; 71(3): 413–418.
Montgomery M, Manuelito B, Nass C, Chock T, Buchwald D. The Native Comic Book Project: native youth making comics and healthy decisions. Journal of Cancer Education: The Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Education. 2012; 27(1 Suppl): S41–S46.
Imamura K, Kawakami N, Furukawa TA, Matsuyama Y. Shimazu A, Umanodan R, Kawakami S, Kasai K. Effects of an Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) program in Manga format on improving subthreshold depressive symptoms among healthy workers: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2014; 9(5): e97167.
Ma C, Green C, Zhao J, Egli V, Clark T, Donnellan N, Smith M. Creative and visual communication of health research: development of a graphic novel to share children’s neighbourhood perspectives of COVID-19 lockdowns in Aotearoa New Zealand. Visual Communication. 2023; 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/14703572231157042
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Zombie preparedness. Retrieved on 03/01/2023 from: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/6023
Houghton F, Del Monte K, Glessner D, Goff J, Hopkins E, Loney K, Meratnia G, Toms J. Zombie Pandemic Preparedness: a Cautionary Observation. New Zealand Medical Journal. 2016; 129: 1432.
Fraustino JD, Ma L. CDC’s use of social media and humor in a risk campaign—“Preparedness 101: Zombie Apocalypse”. Journal of Applied Communication Research. 2015; 43: 222-241.
Kruvand M, Bryant FB. Zombie apocalypse: Can the undead teach the living how to survive an emergency? Public Health Reports. 2015; 130: 655-663.
Houghton F, Hopkins E, Loney K, Luther L, Norris A, Toms J. Examination of the impact of using a zombie pandemic scenario to encourage emergency preparedness among elementary school children: the weapons issue. Washington State Journal of Public Health Practice. 2016; 9.
Houghton F, Toms J, Meratnia G, Loney K, Hopkins E, Del Monte K. Concerns with entertainment-education: Zombie pandemic preparedness and the unanticipated promotion of a weapons culture. Health Education & Behavior. 2016; 1-5.
Houghton F, Hopkins E. Zombies and weapons: examining blog responses to the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention’s (CDC) ‘Preparedness 101: Zombie pandemic’ entertainment-education initiative. Medicina Internacia Revuo. 2023; 30(121): 249-259.
Coyne SM, Callister M, Stockdale L, Coutts H, Collier KM. "Just how graphic are graphic novels?" An examination of aggression portrayals in manga and associations with aggressive behavior in adolescents. Violence Vict. 2015; 30(2): 208–224. doi: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00012.
Seko Y, Kikuchi M. Self-Injury in Japanese Manga: A Content Analysis. J Med Humanit. 2020. doi: 10.1007/s10912-019-09602-9.
Nakahara S, Ichikawa M, Wakai S. Smoking scenes in Japanese comics: a preliminary study. Tobacco Control. 2005; 14: 71.
Jimbo M. Japanese Manga and Smoking: Puffing Away. International Institute Journal. 2012; 2: 1.
Lee YH, DeJong J. Depictions of Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Contemporary Japanese Shōnen Manga: A Content Analysis. Journal of Health Communication. 2019; 24(11): 848-855.
Houghton D, Houghton F. An Examination of Portrayals of Smoking in Graphic Novels/ Comic Books: A picture is worth a thousand words. Tobacco Prevention & Cessation. 2020; 6: 41.
Hammett DS. Red Harvest. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1929.
Hammett, DS. The Dain Curse. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1929
Hammett DS. The Maltese Falcon. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1930
Hammett DS. The Thin Man. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1934.
Cain JM. The Postman Always Rings Twice. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1934.
Cain JM. Double Indemnity. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1936.
Cain JM. Mildred Pierce. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1941.
Chandler R. The Big Sleep. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1939.
Chandler R. Farewell, My Lovely. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1940.
Chandler R. The High Window. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1942.
Chandler R. The Lady in The Lake. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; 1943.
Chandler R. The Long Goodbye. Bloomsbury, London: Hamish Hamilton; 1953.
Bukoski A. The Noir Thriller, Studies in the Novel. 2002; 34(4): 468-470.
Wandtke T. The Dark Night Returns: The Contemporary Resurgence of Crime Comics. Rochester, New York: Rit Press; 2015.
Spicer A, Hanson H. (eds) A Companion to Film Noir. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 2013.
Bould M. Film Noir: From Berlin to Sin City. New York: Wallflower Press, Columbia University Press; 2005.
Tilley CL. The dark night returns: the contemporary resurgence of crime comics. Consumption Markets & Culture. 2016; 19(6): 603-606.
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Houghton D, Houghton F. Drawing it properly: An examination of smoking portrayals in texts on how to draw in the noir graphic novel/ comic book style. Medicina Internacia Revuo. 2022; 30(120): 194-209.
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